The Rio Grande do Norte, located in the Northeast region of Brazil, is characterized by the predominance of the Caatinga phytogeographic domain. This domain is one of the least protected in the country, with only approximately 1.2% of its extent preserved by conservation units. Considering the significant high richness of the Caatinga, marked by the presence of endemic lineages and being so affected, it is crucial to understand this biodiversity to protect species, ecosystems, and natural resources. In this context, the Pico do Cabugi Ecological Park, a conservation unit (UC) in the central region of Rio Grande do Norte, which houses one of the rare remnants of volcanic activity in the state and an undocumented flora, the research aimed to conduct a floristic survey. For this purpose, collections were carried out using the walking method from April 2022 to August 2023, along predefined trails, recording 44 families, 93 genera, and 112 species, of which 10 species are new occurrences for the state. Botanical samples are deposited in the RN herbarium. This study was pioneering, establishing a foundation for subsequent research to be conducted in the area and its surroundings. Given the advancement of renewable energy enterprises, which are potential threats to the unknown flora, as well as tourism in the area, understanding the local flora becomes crucial for environmental preservation.